Breast cancer is a prevalent and potentially life-threatening disease  in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and form tumours.  If left unchecked, the tumours can spread throughout the body and become fatal.

Breast cancer cells begin inside the milk ducts and/or the milk-producing lobules of the breast. The earliest form (in situ) is not life-threatening and can be detected in early stages. Cancer cells can spread into nearby breast tissue (invasion). This creates tumours that cause lumps or thickening.

Invasive cancers can spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs. Metastasis can be life-threatening and fatal. It is therefore crucial to understand the symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategies associated with this condition.

Scope of the problem

In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

The symptoms of breast cancer can vary from person to person. It is essential to pay attention to any changes in your breasts. Consult a healthcare professional if you notice anything unusual.

• New lump in the breast or armpit.
• Thickening or swelling of the breast.
• Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
• Pain in the nipple area.
• Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood.

Screening for Breast Cancer

It is important to go for breast cancer screening because it can help detect the cancer early. This will make it easier to treat. There are different types of screening tests such as:

• A mammogram – This type of breast cancer screening is suitable for women between the age of 40 to 74. This age group is at a higher risk of getting breast cancer. They should get a mammogram every two years.
• Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – This type of screening uses magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the breast. It is used alongside mammograms for women who are at a high risk of getting breast cancer. It is ideally used for younger women.
• Clinical Breast Exam – This is a physical examination performed by a doctor or nurse. They use their hands to feel for lumps or other changes.
• Breast Self-Exam – This involves breast awareness. Do you know how your breasts look and feel? If you do then you will quickly notice subtle changes such as changes in size, whether you feel pain or lumps.

Who is at risk?

Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.5–1% of breast cancers occur in men. The treatment of breast cancer in men follows the same principles of management as for women.

The main reason women develop breast cancer is because their breast cells are exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, especially estrogen, are linked with breast cancer and encourage the growth of some breast cancers.

Common Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Understanding the risk factors associated with breast cancer can help you make informed decisions about your lifestyle and healthcare.

• Age is one of the most significant risk factors. The risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older.

• Family history also plays a role. Women with close relatives who have had breast cancer are at a higher risk.

• Obesity.

• Harmful use of alcohol.

• History of radiation exposure.

• Reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy)
• Tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.
• Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years).
• Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk. The most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. Women found to have mutations in these major genes may consider risk reduction strategies such as surgical removal of both breasts or chemo prevention strategies.

The Importance of Early Detection and Diagnosis

Early detection of breast cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes and increase survival rates. That’s why it’s crucial to be proactive about your breast health and perform regular self-examinations. By familiarizing yourself with the normal look and feel of your breasts, you can quickly identify any changes or abnormalities.

In addition to self-examinations, regular clinical breast exams by a healthcare professional are recommended. These exams can help detect any potential issues that may not be noticeable during self-examinations. Furthermore, mammograms are essential for early detection, especially for women over the age of 40. These screening tests can detect breast cancer before symptoms occur, allowing for earlier treatment and better outcomes.

Breast Cancer Prevention Strategies

While not all cases of breast cancer can be prevented, there are several strategies you can adopt to reduce your risk.

• First and foremost, Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial, as obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Engaging in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet, and limiting alcohol intake can all contribute to a healthier lifestyle and potentially reduce the risk.
• Hormonal factors can play a role in breast cancer risk. If possible, avoid long-term use of hormonal replacement therapy, as this has been associated with an increased risk.
• Additionally, if you have a family history of breast cancer or certain genetic mutations, you may consider genetic counseling to assess your risk and explore preventive measures.

Lifestyle Changes to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer

Adopting certain lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. First and foremost, maintaining a healthy weight is essential. Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, so incorporating regular exercise and a balanced diet can help you achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

Furthermore, Limiting alcohol consumption is also important, as studies have shown a positive correlation between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. If you choose to drink alcohol, it’s advisable to do so in moderation.

Additionally, Quitting smoking can have significant benefits not only for reducing the risk of breast cancer but also for overall health and well-being.

Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Breast Cancer

Regular screening and diagnostic tests are essential for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Mammograms are the most common screening tool used to detect breast cancer in its early stages. Women over the age of 40 are generally advised to have regular mammograms.

Other screening tools, such as breast ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be recommended for women at higher risk or with dense breast tissue. These tests can provide more detailed images of the breast tissue and help detect abnormalities that may be missed by mammography alone.

If an abnormality is found during screening or if you experience symptoms that raise concerns, further diagnostic tests may be performed. These tests can include breast biopsies, where a sample of tissue is taken for examination, and imaging tests, such as CT scans or PET scans, to determine the extent of the disease.

Treatment Options for Breast Cancer

The treatment of breast cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease, the size and location of the tumor, and individual factors such as age and overall health. Treatment options may include:

Surgery is often the first step in treating breast cancer and can involve removing the tumor and nearby lymph nodes.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and is typically used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy are systemic treatments that can be used before or after surgery, depending on the specific characteristics of the cancer.

Support and Resources for Breast Cancer Patients and Survivors.

Receiving a breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. It is essential to have a support system in place. Many organizations and support groups are dedicated to providing assistance and resources for breast cancer patients and survivors. These organizations offer emotional support, educational materials, financial assistance, and access to various support services.

In addition to external support, it’s essential to maintain open communication with your healthcare team throughout your breast cancer journey. They can provide guidance, answer questions, and connect you with additional resources as needed. Remember, you are not alone in this fight, and there are numerous resources available to help you navigate through the challenges of breast cancer.

Conclusion. 

Breast cancer is a complex disease that can have a significant impact on the lives of those affected. By understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategies associated with breast cancer, you can take proactive steps to protect your health and well-being.

Early detection is key, so it’s crucial to be familiar with the symptoms of breast cancer. Knowledge is power, and by educating yourself about breast cancer, you are equipping yourself with the tools to make informed decisions and advocate for your well-being. Together, we can raise awareness, promote early detection, and work towards a world where breast cancer is no longer a life-threatening disease.