Drug and substance abuse is the harmful  use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol and illicit drugs. Research shows that this behavior can lead to dependence syndrome. The dependency syndrome, is characterized by:

• A strong desire to take the drug
• Difficulties in controlling its use,
• Persisting in its use despite harmful consequences. 

Substance abuse affects not only the individual but also their families, communities, and society at large. Drug use puts a heavy financial burden on individuals, families and society. According to the World Health Organization, Cannabis remains the most widely used illicit substance in the African Region. The highest prevalence and increase in use is being reported in West and Central Africa with rates between 5.2% and 13.5%.

A 2022 study conducted by the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse, NACADA revealed that one in every 6 Kenyans aged 15 – 65 years (4,733,152) were  using at least one drug. 

Facts

• Alcohol kills rat least 3.3 million people each year.
• On average every person in the world aged 15 years or older drinks 6.2 litres of pure alcohol annually.
• At least 15.3 million persons have drug use disorders.
• Injecting drug use reported in 148 countries, of which 120 report HIV infection among this population.

Commonly Abused Substances

1. Alcohol:
   • Most widely abused substance.
   • Can lead to alcohol dependence and a range of physical and mental health problems.
2. Illicit Drugs:
   • Marijuana: Commonly used, can impair memory and learning.
   • Cocaine: Highly addictive, can cause heart attacks and strokes.
   • Heroin: Highly addictive opioid, can lead to severe respiratory issues and overdose.
   • Methamphetamine: Extremely addictive, can cause severe dental problems and skin sores.
   • Hallucinogens: Such as LSD, PCP, and psilocybin, can lead to altered perceptions and dangerous behavior.
3. Prescription Drugs:
   • Opioids: Prescribed for pain but highly addictive.
   • Stimulants: Used for ADHD but can be misused for their euphoric effects.
   • Sedatives: Prescribed for anxiety or sleep disorders but can lead to dependence.
4. Over-the-Counter Drugs:
   • Certain cough syrups and cold medications can be abused for their psychoactive effects.

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse

1. Genetic Predisposition:
   • Family history of substance abuse increases risk.
2. Environmental Factors:
   • Peer pressure, lack of family support, and socio-economic factors.
3. Mental Health Disorders:
   • Individuals with anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues are at higher risk.
4. Trauma and Stress:
   • Experiencing traumatic events or chronic stress can lead to substance abuse.
5. Age:
   • Adolescents and young adults are more susceptible due to peer influence and experimentation.

Symptoms of Substance Abuse

1. Physical Symptoms:
   • Changes in appetite and sleep patterns.
   • Unexplained weight loss or gain.
   • Deterioration in physical appearance and personal hygiene.
   • Slurred speech, impaired coordination.
2. Behavioral Symptoms:
   • Neglecting responsibilities at work, school, or home.
   • Engaging in risky behaviors, such as driving under the influence.
   • Sudden changes in social circles or activities.
   • Increased secrecy or isolation.
3. Psychological Symptoms:
   • Mood swings, irritability, or agitation.
   • Anxiety, paranoia, or hallucinations.
   • Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.

Consequences of Substance Abuse

1. Health Problems:
   • Chronic diseases such as liver disease, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
   • Increased risk of infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, hepatitis) through needle sharing.
   • Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
2. Social Consequences:
   • Strained relationships with family and friends.
   • Poor academic or work performance.
   • Legal issues, including arrests for drug-related offenses.
3. Economic Impact:
   • Financial difficulties due to spending on substances.
   • Costs related to healthcare, legal fees, and lost productivity.

Treatment and Support

1. Detoxification:
   • Medically supervised withdrawal from the substance.
2. Medication:
   • Medications to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Therapy and Counseling:
   • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to address underlying thoughts and behaviors.
   • Motivational Interviewing (MI) to enhance motivation to change.
   • Family therapy to support and involve loved ones in the recovery process.
4. Support Groups:
   • 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA).
   • Peer support and recovery groups.
5. Long-term Rehabilitation:
   • Residential treatment programs for intensive support.
   • Outpatient programs for ongoing counseling and support.

Prevention

1. Education:
   • Informing individuals, especially youth, about the risks and consequences of substance abuse.
2. Community Programs:
   • Initiatives to provide healthy alternatives and support networks.
3. Policy and Regulation:
   • Implementing and enforcing laws to control the availability of substances.

Conclusion

Drug and substance abuse is a significant public health issue that requires a comprehensive approach for prevention, treatment, and recovery. Recognizing the signs of substance abuse and seeking help early can lead to better outcomes for individuals and their families. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, professional help is available, and recovery is possible.